When we think of Japanese culture, many iconic images come to mind—elegant tea ceremonies, delicate ikebana flower arrangements, or the tranquil beauty of a Zen garden. Yet, there’s another traditional practice that has entertained generations of Japanese people, from the nobility to common folk: sugoroku (双六), a traditional board game that has a fascinating history spanning centuries.
A Brief History of Sugoroku
Sugoroku, often compared to the Western game of backgammon, has its roots deeply embedded in Japanese history. The earliest references to sugoroku can be traced back to the Nara period (710–794), where it was enjoyed by the Japanese aristocracy. There are two main types of sugoroku: ban-sugoroku (盤双六), a backgammon-style game, and e-sugoroku (絵双六), a pictorial version that became popular in the Edo period (1603–1868).
Ban-sugoroku, which is believed to have been introduced from China, was a game of strategy and chance played on a board with dice. However, as the game evolved, the pictorial e-sugoroku emerged, shifting the game’s focus from strategic thinking to simple entertainment, making it accessible to all social classes. E-sugoroku typically featured vibrant illustrations and was often themed around popular stories, moral lessons, or religious tales.
E-Sugoroku: The People’s Game
E-sugoroku flourished during the Edo period, becoming a staple of the common people’s leisure activities. Unlike ban-sugoroku, which required a formal board, e-sugoroku could be played on paper, making it affordable and easy to distribute. Often printed on large sheets of paper, the game boards depicted various themes, from classic tales like “The Tale of Genji” to seasonal festivals and famous landmarks. The object of the game was to advance from start to finish, with players using dice to move their pieces along a path marked by the illustrations.
These colorful game boards were not just a source of entertainment but also served as educational tools, teaching players about history, geography, and moral values. For example, a popular e-sugoroku from the Edo period might feature a pilgrimage route, with players learning about important shrines and temples as they progressed along the path. Another common theme was the “moral sugoroku,” where players would navigate through virtues and vices, aiming to reach a virtuous goal.
Sugoroku in the Meiji Era and Beyond
As Japan transitioned from the Edo period to the Meiji era (1868–1912), the country underwent rapid modernization and Westernization. Sugoroku, too, adapted to the changing times. New themes reflecting Japan’s modernization appeared, such as trains, foreign travel, and new technologies. The game continued to be popular among children and families, often played during the New Year celebrations.
The 20th century saw the decline of sugoroku’s popularity, as Western board games and other forms of entertainment, like television, became more widespread. However, sugoroku remains a cherished part of Japanese cultural heritage, with many enthusiasts and collectors dedicated to preserving and studying these historical game boards.
Collecting and Preserving Sugoroku
For antique collectors and historians, sugoroku offers a unique glimpse into Japan’s past. The intricate designs and themes of the game boards reflect the social, cultural, and political landscapes of their times. Collectors often seek out rare e-sugoroku from the Edo and Meiji periods, with well-preserved examples fetching high prices at auctions.
Preserving sugoroku boards poses challenges due to the fragile nature of paper. Many surviving examples are housed in museums and libraries, where they are carefully preserved and occasionally displayed to the public. Digitization projects have also made it possible for modern audiences to appreciate these historical games without handling the delicate originals.
Sugoroku Today: A Revival of Interest
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional Japanese games, including sugoroku. Enthusiasts and scholars alike are exploring the game’s history, while artisans and designers are creating modern versions of e-sugoroku, blending traditional themes with contemporary aesthetics. These efforts are helping to ensure that sugoroku remains a vibrant part of Japanese cultural heritage.
Whether as a collector’s item or a fun family game, sugoroku continues to captivate those who encounter it. Its blend of art, history, and entertainment offers a window into Japan’s rich cultural tapestry, making it much more than just a game—it’s a journey through time.